TEII - Wastewater Depot - Catalog Index - UV - UV Technical Info
Specifications
| Factors to be considered in water or liquid
purification |
| Ultraviolet Radiation: Ultraviolet (UV)
light is invisible radiation within a range of the solar spectrum. UV is similar to
the wave-lengths that are produced by visible light, but much shorter. UV radiation
is measured in millionths of a millimeter, i.e., Angstromunits (one Angstrom unit
wavelength equals one hundred-millionths of a centimeter), and like visible light, it
primarily has a surface effect. Within the UV radiation spectrum, there are three
main groups. |
| |
| Ultraviolet lamp radiation of 2537 Angstrom units (or 254
namometers) wavelength must hit the microorganism to inactivate it, and each microorganism
must absorb a specific amount of energy to be destroyed.
Proteins and nucleic acid,
which all microorganisms contain as their main constituents, absorb UV radiation energy.
After absorption, the UV energy destroys or inactivates the DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid), thus preventing the microorganisms from reproducing.Sterilization of water implies that all life, i.e. bacteria, mold virus, algae, and
protozoa are destroyed. Table I gives the
absolute amount of UV necessary to kill many of the common types. We can also supply
an 1849A (185nm) UV lamp that produces ozone (03) disinfection residuals, and in most
cases this lamp interchanges with our standard 2537A UV lamp. Complete sterilization is not necessary for the production of portable water.
However, the water must conform with the drinking water standards of the Public Health
Service or those of the agency governing your supply. Normally, the water must
contain less than 2.2 coliforms per 100 ml to be considered safe to drink. The
coliform group of microorganisms are generally associated with fecal matter and indicate
that pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms, such as typhoid, may be present. As
will be explained later, a different sizing formula must be used for purification if 100%
sterilization is required.Energy and Exposure: The germicidal spectrum of the ultraviolet
wavelength is from 2000 to 3000 Angstroms, with the peak of 2537 Angstroms. The
total UV energy emitted from all sides of the UV lamp is expressed in watts. The
total exposure of the liquid is expressed in microwatt-seconds per square centimeter,
which is a product of energy, time, and area. The same number of micro-watt seconds
per square centimeter can be accomplished with a short exposure at a high intensity of UV
or a long exposure at a low intensity of UV. Table
II gives the UV energy data on the high intensity ultraviolet lamps used in purifiers.Transmission: The amount of energy available to any
microorganism from a given ultraviolet source is dependent on the UV transmission of the
liquid. The transmission is dependent on the depth of the liquid and the absorption
coefficient of the liquid. The absorption coefficient is dependent on the quantity
and types of dissolved and suspended matter in the liquid. Generally, iron salts and
organic matter have the greatest effect on absorption, while alkali salts (such as common
salts) do not absorb these radiations. The physical requirements of less than 10 NTU
of turbidity, 15 TCU of color, and 0.2 ppm of iron should be met before a water purifier
is installed. Prefiltration of all suspended matter to at least 5 microns in size is
recommended for all private water supplies, as the efficiency of the purifier is
determined by the transmission of the water or liquid.Table III illustrates the percent of
transmission of the ultraviolet for water of various absorption coefficients. The
absorption coefficient of the average tap water varies between 0.12 and 0.07 with highly
polished DI or distilled water at 0.008 and cloudy water from a private source, such as a
pond, well, or spring, at 0.50 or less. The absorption coefficient of the liquid to
be purified must be known for proper sizing. Other Factors Affecting Ultraviolet Purification: The
ultraviolet output of the UV lamp is also dependent upon the primary voltage output and
the lamp wall temperature. Table IV shows the
effect of line voltage on UV output, and Table V
shows the effect of temperature. It will be noted that at 56.6F (12 C) the lamp will
be only 22% efficient in generating bactericidal radiation. We use only high
intensity UV lamps inside a high-transmission clear fused quartz jacket so that an optimum
temperature of 104 F (40 C) can be obtained for 100% UV output. The liquid does not
come in contact with the lamp.Another factor that must be considered is the useful life of the UV lamp. The
performance of the various types of lamps is indicated in Table II. It is recommended that spare
ultraviolet lamps be kept on hand at all times, and accurate records be kept of lamp use
and replacement. The ultraviolet lamps output gradually decreases over the life of
the lamp, and the lamp must be replaced as indicated by hours of use or by a UV monitor.Sizing of Ultraviolet Liquid Purification Equipment: The various
factors that must be considered were discussed above. Assuming a proper voltage
source, the purifier can be sized properly if the following are known.(a) Peak flow rate required in gpm, gph, gpd or m3/h.(b) Transmission and physical makeup (absorption coefficient) of the liquid to be
treated.(c) Ultraviolet energy level required for microorganism destruction (see Table I).The Public Health Service requires that UV disinfection equipment have a minimum UV
dosage of 16,000 uW sec./cm sq. (microwatt-seconds per square centimeter). Our
purifiers are manufactured in standard sizes from 1 to 2600 gpm to impart a dosage of
30,000 uW sec./cm sq. All significant waterborne pathogenic microorganisms are
destroyed by under 10,000 uW sec./cm sq. Industrial high purity water may require
higher radiation levels depending on the type of microorganism to be destroyed.
Suggested flow rates of the various models with different liquid transmission are
indicated in figures 1 and 2. If 100% sterilization is required, the flow rate
through the purifier can be computed, depending on the energy level required. For a
particular problem or application, consult our technical staff. |
MOLD SPORES |
Aspergillus flavus (yellowish green)
Aspergillus glaucus (bluish green)
Aspergillus niger (black)
Mucor ramosissimus (white gray)
Penicillum digitatum (olive)
Penicillum expensum (olive)
Penicillum roqueforti (green)
Rhizopus nigricans (black) |
99000
88000
330000
35200
88000
22000
26400
220000 |
ALGAE |
| Chlorelia vulgaris (algae) |
22000 |
PROTOZOA |
Nematode eggs
Paramecium |
92000
200000 |
VIRUSES |
Bacteriophage (E. coli)
Hepatitis virus
Influenza virus
Pollo virus (Poliomyeiitis)
Rota virus
Tobacco masaic virus |
6600
8000
6600
21000
24000
440000 |
YEAST |
Baker's yeast
Brewer's yeast
Common yeast cake
Saccharomyces var. ellipsoideus
Saccharomyces sp |
8800
6600
13200
13200
17600 |
TABLE II |
Technical
Data on High Intensity Mercury Vapor Ultraviolet Lamps
Use for Air and Water Purification |
| Lamp
No. |
Lamp
Length |
Arc
Length |
Lamp
Watts |
Rated
Life
(HR) |
UV
Output
(Watts) |
Intensity
(Microwatts per CM Sq.)*** |
| Through Air |
Through Water** |
| At 1" |
At 3" |
At 1" |
At 3" |
| 8060 |
17" |
14" |
16.0 |
9000 |
5.3 |
8800 |
3400 |
7040 |
3920 |
| 8090-OZ |
17" |
14" |
16.0 |
9000 |
5.3 |
8800 |
3400 |
7040 |
3920 |
| 5340 |
33" |
30" |
39.0 |
9000 |
13.8 |
8800 |
3400 |
7040 |
3920 |
| 5360-OZ |
33" |
30" |
39.0 |
9000 |
13.8 |
8800 |
3400 |
7040 |
3920 |
| 9410 |
61" |
60" |
65.0 |
9000 |
26.7 |
8800 |
3400 |
7040 |
3920 |
| 6780-OZ |
61" |
60" |
65.0 |
9000 |
26.7 |
8800 |
3400 |
7040 |
3920 |
*Output
of 2537 Angstroms with new lamps at 80 F, still air, ambient
**With an absorption coefficient of 0.10
***UV lamp intensity at 2537 Angstrom units wavelength at a given distance.
Variations in voltage, temperature and tube material will cause the lamp output to
vary. The intensity through water is based on a 0.10 absorption coefficient. |
TABLE III |
Relative percent output of 2537A
for water absorption coefficients* |
Absorption
Coefficient |
Transmission |
Absorption
Coefficient |
Transmission |
| At 1" |
At 3" |
At 1" |
At 3" |
0.008
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11 |
99%
95%
92%
90%
88%
87%
85%
82%
81%
80%
78% |
95%
87%
80%
74%
68%
64%
59%
55%
50%
46%
44% |
0.12
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.50 |
75%
72%
70%
68%
65%
60%
56%
54%
50%
40%
30% |
40%
34%
29%
28%
25%
23%
16%
11%
8%
5%
2% |
*As a
measured percent of transmission with GL-100 monitor. (Note: Monitor meets US Bureau
of Standards Requirements.) |
TABLE IV |
Relative percent output of 2537A
radiation at various UV lamp temperature |
| Temperature |
Output |
Temperature |
Output |
| Fo |
Co |
Fo |
Co |
56.6
60.8
68.0
75.2
82.4
89.6
96.8 |
12
16
20
24
28
32
36 |
22%
30%
40%
53%
68%
85%
95% |
104.0
111.2
118.4
125.6
132.8
140.0
147.2 |
40
44
48
52
56
60
64 |
100%
98%
93%
85%
75%
66%
58% |
Uses and
Applications of UV Purifiers |
Application |
Explanation |
| Air conditioning and heating |
10,15,16 |
| Apple and fruit storage |
5,16 |
| Ampoules, bacteriological, biological enzyme
laboratories |
8,15,16 |
| Bakeries, bread, cakes, pies, candy mfg. |
1,2,8,15,16 |
| Barber shops |
16 |
| Beverage plants (soft drinks), syrups,
chocolate concentrates, flavoring extracts, coffee & tea concentrates, maple sugar
& syrup, cider plants |
1,2,3,6,8,15,16 |
| Blood banks & donor agencies |
1,8,15,16 |
| Bottle water plants |
1,4,8,15,16 |
| Breweries |
1,3,8,15,16 |
| Butter processing |
1,3,5,8,15,16 |
| Canning |
1,3,5,8,15,16 |
| Cheese processing & packaging plants |
1,3,5,8,15,16 |
| Chicken, turkey and game farms |
13,16 |
| Cosmetics |
1,2,3,8,15,16 |
| Dairy products, ice cream |
1,2,3,8,15,16 |
| Drug & pharmaceutical mfgrs., vitamin
products, chemical plants |
1,2,3,8,15,16 |
| Eggs, canned, frozen, dried |
1,3,8,15,16 |
| Electroplating & mirror plants |
8,9,15,16 |
| Electronic Equipment Manufacturing Plants |
8 |
| Farms |
1,5,13,14,16 |
| Food products, fruit juices, fresh/frozen |
1,2,3,8,15,16 |
| Homes |
12,13 |
| Hospitals, sanitoria, institutions, nursing
& convalescent homes |
1,2,3,8,10,12,13,14,15,16 |
| Hotels, motels and camps |
12,13,16 |
| Meat packing, fish and other food plants |
1,3,5,11,13,16 |
| Mines, lumber camps, oil refineries |
8,10,13,14,15,16 |
| Nylon & synthetic fiber manufacturers |
1,6,8 |
| Office and factory |
13,16 |
| Paper mills |
1,8,10,15,16 |
| Packaging |
1,3,5,13,16 |
| Photograph film and paper manufacturers |
8,10,15,16 |
| Potable water treatment plants |
13,16 |
| Rest Rooms |
13,16 |
| Restaurants |
12 |
| Schools, auditoriums, theaters, public
buildings, office buildings, factories |
1,3,11,13,15,16 |
| Sewage plants |
3,8,10,13,14,15,16 |
| Swimming Pools |
14,16 |
| Vegetable washing |
1,5,15,16 |
| Wineries |
1,2,6,8,15,16 |
EXPLANATIONS (List
of applications for water or liquid purifiers) |
| 1. |
Purify final rinse water in holding and blending tanks, cans,
bottles, pipe lines, heat exchanges and all other types of equipment and containers,
floors, walls, tables and other working areas, to flush out foreign matter and
idsinfecting solutions without introducing water-borne bacteria which may re-contaminate
the surface or product. |
| 2. |
To provide uncontaminated water for making simple (sugar) syrup
so as to avoid fermentation and costly spoilage. Also for making various other
aqueous solutions in which bacteria contamination would cause spoilage. |
| 3. |
To provide germ-free make-up water used to reconstitute powered
milk; to add to syrups for carbonated or still beverages, or to add other ingredients
where a percentage of water is present in the end product. Thus, by eliminating
micro-organisms, the purity, freshness and flavor of the products are safeguarded and
shelflife is extended. |
| 4. |
To purify the bottle spring, well or other water prior to
bottling, to destroy invisible algae and all types of microorganisms which would otherwise
cause obnoxious odors, tasts, and cloudiness. This eliminates costly returns, loss
of customers and sales, by safeguarding the purity, freshness and tastes. |
| 5. |
Sterilize wash water for butter, cottage cheese and all other
curd cheeses, smoked meats and other foods without introducing water-borne contaminants
which later develop unsightly mold, foreign odors and taste, reduce butter-score and
result in losses. |
| 6. |
Special purifiers are available for treating susceptible
liquids, including pharmaceuticals, liquid sugar, chemicals, various solutions and wines,
to destroy budding yeast cells, bacteria, mold and algae so as to prevent fermentation and
other spoilage. Any micro-watt seconds per square centimeter intensity can be
delivered. |
| 7. |
To use in the preparation of yeast culture, to prevent
contamination of pedigreed yeast, to assure consistent, pedigreed quality, unaltered
flavor and safeguarding of purity, freshness and keeping qualities; also in the
preparation of any unprocessed products containing water. |
| 8. |
Eliminate slime and fouling of mineral beds inall types of
water treatment equipment. It prevents frequent shutdown for de-contamination
procedures and provides the best, and most economical, method of obtaining bacteria-free,
de-ionized water. The first chamber purifies the water before it enters the
de-ionizer, this prevents bacteria, mold, yeast or algae settling on the resins. The
second chamber irradiates the water after it leaves the de-ionizer to assure purified
water in the event of internal contamination from the resins. |
| 9. |
As a final, germ-free rinse for flushing electronic and other
parts, without introducing contamination which may later cause fouling or product loss. |
| 10. |
Purify cooling water for heat exhangers, etc., also
spray-washing water and process water recirculated for other purposes. To eliminate
odors, ocntamination from water-borne bacteria, algae, slime, etc., & prevent algae
build-up in pipe lines, cooling towers & clogged spray nozzles. |
| 11. |
To provide germ-free water for making ice incorporated in
frankfurters, bologna and other smoked meats, also in other foods and beverages. |
| 12. |
To provide germ-free water for recirculation in swimming pools
with a reduction of up to 80% of chlorine and other chemical previously required.
This means that the extrememly small amount of chlorine recommended is at an
unobjectionable level where it is also easy to maintain, and swimming is a pleasure.
This small amount of chlorine acts as a bleach-booster to maintain the water
crystal clear, while the ultra-violet purifier is constantly discharging germ-free water
into the pool. An algaecide should be used periodically to prevent any microscopic
spores from adhering to the sides and bottom of the pool, preventing them from entering
the U.V. purifier, where they are destroyed. |
| 13. |
To deliver purifed, germ-free water by guaranteed 99% bacteria
destruction in water distribution systems without the use of chlorine and without
imparting any foreign taste, odor, corrosive or allergenic properties to the water.
Cost of processing is the world's lowest - up to 30,000 GPH purified for only one kilowatt
of current - costing only pennies a day! |
| 14. |
To bacteriologically purify the final clear effluent, without
the use of chlorine, from sewage treatment equipment or plants. At least 99%
bacterial destruction is accomplished at high flow rates. The high cost of
chlorinators, chemicals, supervision and constant testing are eliminated at a substantial
savings. |
| 15. |
To destroy at least 99% of all organisms in the water and
sewage effluent from food, beverage, pharmaceutical plants, abattoirs, public conveyors,
planes, ships, etc., after the water is rendered relatively free of turbidity, solids and
excess color. |
| 16. |
A) Permanent or portable utra violet ozone fixtures for
mold, bacteria and odor control.
B) Direct U.V. radiation with permanent handing hood or wall
mounted fixtures or portable U.V. air purifiers for sterilization of air, surfaces or
products. To prevent air-borne bacteria or mold contamination on foods, meats,
vegetables, fruits, products, tables, walls, wrappers, packages, cans, bottles, overns,
coolers, caps, etc., shielding used for human and animal protection from direct U.V.
radiation.
C) Indirect U.V. radiation with ceiling or wall fixtures to sterilize the
room air and eliminate the spread of air-borne infections among humans and animals.
Safe for humans and animal occupancy due to special construction. No protective
clothing, face masks or shields required unless placed below eye level. Proven
effective in hospital rooms, operating rooms, nurseries, offices, cafeterias, restaurants,
schools, motels, hotels, hallways, coolers, holding rooms, stables, pens, incubators,
hatcheries, brooder rooms, laying houses and veterinaries.
D) Direct and indirect radiation in special shielded cabinet for the sterilization
of glasses, cans, utensils, instruments, caps, bottles, containers, conveyor belts,
fillers and processing equipment. Special fixtures and cabinets for special
applications.
E) High intensity germicidal radiation fixture for air conditionig and heating
system ducts for 98% destruction of air-borne bacteria and communicable diseases.
Special equipment for odor control. Prevents the dangers of drawing in bacteria and
germs in a closed system...heating or cooling them and redistributing them to toher rooms
or areas. Proven effective in hospitals, nurseries, offices, restaurants, schools,
etc. |
General Information
on Ultraviolet Purification |
| 1. |
The peak germicidal wavelength of the ultra-violet spectrum is
2537 angstrom and its intensity is expressed as micro-watts per square centimeter, a
product of energy and area, or micro-watt seconds per square centimeters, a product of
energy, time and area. Germicidal ultra-violet is invisible to the human eye. |
| 2. |
Germicidal ultra-violet must contact the micro-organisms to
kill them. Therefore, the water or liquid must be clear to be purified, and a
prefilter is recommended if the water does not meet USPHS physical standards and chemical
requirements. |
| 3. |
Humans and animals must be protected from direct radiation of
ultra-violet lamps, however, can safely congregate in areas or rooms treated with indirect
radiation. Special shields are not required. Ultra-violet will not penetrate
through glass or plastic and regular eye glasses are sufficient protection for looking at
the bare ultra-violet lamp for a short period of time. |
| 4. |
The 1849 angstrom wavelenth of the ultra-violet from our
special ozone lamps produces activated oxygen in free air (03)
and (H2O2) hydrogen peroxide in water.
This is commonly referred to as OZONE and is an excellent odor oxidizer and
bactericide. Ozone can be used to supplement the 2537 A. wavelength on hard to get
places. Safe for humans and animal if used as directed. |
| 5. |
All ultra-violet lamps have a useful operating life expressed
in hours, and must be replaced as directed for effective results. We manufacture
U.V. Monitors for the measurement and metering of ultra-violet germicidal radiation
output. |
|
All
known micro-organisms are destroyed with proper exposure to ultra-violet radiation in the
2,000 to 3,000 Angstrom Unit (1) range.
Most water-borne pathogenic (disease-causing) Micro-organisms are
destroyed with under 10,000 Microwatt seconds per square centimeter.
Some typical examples are noted below: |
| Micro-Organism |
Disease |
MW Sec./CM2 |
| Salmonella typhosa |
Typhoid fever |
4,100 |
| Salmonella paratyphi |
Enteric fever |
6,100 |
| Shigella disenteriae |
Dysentery |
4,200 |
| Shigella flexneri |
Dysentery |
3,400 |
| Vibro comma |
Cholera |
Approx. 6,500 (2) |
| Leptospira spp. |
Infectious jaundice |
6,000 (2) |
| Poliovirus |
Poliomyelitis |
Approx. 6,000 (3) |
| Virus of infectious hepatitis |
Infectious hepatitis |
Less than (8,000) (4) |
| Our purifiers provide in excess of 30,000 MW
sec/cm2 of ultra-violet energy. |
General Notes |
1. |
Angstrom unit: A unit of wavelength 1/1,000,000,000 of a
centimeter. |
| 2. |
This estimate is based on the similarity of these organisms to
others and is probably of the same order of magnitude. |
| 3. |
Based on American Journal of Hygiene (1951) Dic, G.W. 53:131 |
| 4. |
Since viruses in general are more susceptible to U.V. radiation
than bacteria, this estimate is based upon work done with bacteriaophage.
|
Relative
Percentage
Output |
UV Lamp Output Relative to
Reactor Water Temperature |
|
Water Temperature Degrees F |
Specifications |
